However, in Ratsiraka was elected president again. Marc Ravalomanana followed him in Ravalomanana was re-elected in However, in January protests broke out against his rule. In March the army made Andry Rajoelina president. However presidential and parliamentary elections were held in Hery Rajaonarimampianina became president of Madagascar in Meanwhile from the mids, Madagascar abandoned socialism and the economy began to recover. However today Madagascar is still a very poor country but its economy is growing steadily.
In the population of Madagascar was 27 million. Previous post. Next post. France is the more successful, maintaining a garrison at Fort-Dauphin for thirty years. A massacre brings their presence to an end in though the kings of France continue to claim rights over the island.
Subsequently the only Europeans here tend to be pirates. Madagascar is one of Captain Kidd's favourite ports of call for shelter and provisions. Meanwhile, and of greater local significance, substantial kingdoms are beginning to be established at this same period by some of the island's many competing rulers.
By the middle of the 17th century almost half the island, in the west and north, is ruled by a dynasty emerging from the Sakalava tribes. The Sakalava dominance, declining in the 18th century, is followed by that of a Merina family from the central plateau. The Merina kingdom is firmly established by a forceful ruler with a name to test the memory, Andrianampoinimerina. On his death in he bequeaths to his son, Radama, the challenge of conquering the entire island.
The sea, he says, should be the boundary of the Merina ricefield. Radama I, inheriting his kingdom at the age of eighteen, expands it very successfully during the rest of his short life.
He does not quite extend the Merina ricefield to every shore of the island, as his father urged, but he wins control over perhaps two thirds of its large land mass. He does so with British help. After agreeing to abolish the export of slaves and to accept a British agent at his court in Antananarivo, he receives many concrete benefits - an annual subsidy, arms and ammunition, training and uniforms for his troops.
A script is devised for the Malagasy language. Printing is introduced. And members of the London Missionary Society set about the task of converting the Malagasy to Protestant Christianity. This busy state of affairs is brought to an abrupt end by the early death of Radama in He is succeeded on the throne by his queen, Ranavalona, who reverses all his policies.
Most of the Europeans are expelled, the newly baptized Christians are persecuted some are killed , and in the Christian religion is formally banned. The new policies need not imply chaos and a collapse of the kingdom, but in practice the reign of Ranavalona is characterized by rebellions, wars and brutality.
It comes to an end with her death in Her son, Radama II, immediately opens the island again to European involvement. But within two years he is murdered in his palace - with the complicity of his wife, Rasoherina, who follows him on the throne. For the next three decades Madagascar, or the greater part of it, is ruled by a succession of three queens - Rasoherina , her cousin Ranavalona II , and Ranavalona's cousin Ranavalona III But the power behind the throne is a man.
Each queen in turn marries the same prime minister, Rainilaiarivony. The prime minister continues the policy of welcoming back the Europeans he and his second wife are baptized together soon after the start of her reign , but by the s the European powers are in a new and aggressive mood of colonialism. In the case of Madagascar this is all too plain in the behaviour of the French. In addition to their early and essentially notional claim to the island, from a few decades in the 17th century, the French have maintained a close contact with Madagascar during the 19th century.
When Ranavalona I expels most of the Europeans, in the s, one of the few who remains is Jean Laborde, a Frenchman who wins considerable influence over the queen.
And when her son, Radama II, decides to grant a concession to European entrepreneurs, it is a French company which he chooses. By the end of the 19th century, the Merina kingdom ruled all Madagascar except the South and part of the West. Madagascar - Colonial Period The discovery of the island by the Portuguese occurred in , when, according to Grandidier and Reclus, Diego Diaz sighted the land and named it Sao Lourenco.
Attempts at settlement made before by the Dutch, English, and Portuguese failed, but in the seventeenth century the French set up a claim to Madagascar, or Dauphing, as they called it, and in Louis XIV granted it to the Compagnie de l'Orient. Stations were established at SainteMarie and Fort Dauphin.
The rule of the French was so cruel that the natives rose in and massacred them. French influence, however, made little progress owing to the rise of the powerful monarchy of the Hovas, a people of the central plateau, who, under the leadership of Andriananimpoina, had subjugated the greater part of the island.
Renewed hostility on the part of the Hovas was followed in by the dispatch of a French expedition under Duchesne, which occupied Antananarivo and forced Queen Rftnavalona III to confirm the Treaty of The British accepted the imposition of a French protectorate over Madagascar in in return for eventual control over Zanzibar now part of Tanzania and as part of an overall definition of spheres of influence in the area.
In Madagascar was declared a colony of France, though the native government was retained, and a proclamation was issued abolishing slavery. The same year the outbreak of a rebellion in which the court was found concerned led to the deposition of the Queen and the institution of a military government.
The former Queen was exiled to Reunion, and afterward to Algeria. Absolute French control over Madagascar was established by military force in , and the Merina monarchy was abolished. By , the French had full control of the island. In almost all the native churches on the island were abolished. Governor Albert Picquie' appointed has paid particular attention to internal improvements, and the resources of the country were rapidly opened up.
British troops occupied the strategic island in to preclude its seizure by the Japanese. The Free French received the island from the United Kingdom in Madagascar - Independence In , with French prestige at a low ebb, a nationalist uprising was suppressed after several months of bitter fighting. French troops eventually crushed the rebellion, killing between 11, and 90, people in the process. The date of the biggest massacre, March 29, is commemorated to this day in memory of the victims of the fight for liberty and independence.
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